reference
第1堂(2006/03/28):
0. Live CD下載網址:
http://b2d.tnc.edu.tw/
上課所發的是
B2DpureKDE
ftp://ftp3.tnc.edu.tw/KNOPPIX/health/B2DpureKDE20060119.iso
第2堂(2006/04/18)
0. 強迫結束X-window
ctrl-alt-backspace 三個鍵一起按
1. 切換virtual console與x-windows
ctrl-alt F1
ctrl-alt F2
ctrl-alt F3
ctrl-alt F4
ctrl-alt F5
ctrl-alt F6
ctrl-alt F7
2. screen的使用
ctrl-a-c create
ctrl-a-n next
ctrl-a-p previous
ctrl-a-d detach
screen -ls
screen -r xxxx
第3堂
0. su - knoppix
1. ls -alF /etc/passwd
2. whoami
3. rm /etc/passwd
4. pwd
5. cat /etc/passwd
6. ls -alF /etc/group
7. cat /etc/group
8. /bin/false
9. df
10. umount /dev/sda1
11. umount /dev/media/sda
12. mkdir /media/xxx
13. mount /dev/sda1 /media/xxxx
14. umount /media/xxx
15. mkdir /xxx
16. mount /dev/sda1 /xxx
1. gnome-terminal &
rxvt &
善用tab鍵來做命令補齊
2. ls
ls -F
unalias ls
ls -F
@, *, / etc...
3. alias ls
alias ls='ls -F -h -l'
4. cp /etc/hosts hosts
cp /etc/hosts .
ls -l hosts
5. pwd
mkdir test
cd test
cd /etc/dhcp3
cd ~/test
6. whoami
7. cat /etc/passwd
more /etc/passwd
less /etc/passwd
space
g
G
b
/
"q" to quit
8. ls -alF | less
9. less /proc/cpuinfo
less /proc/meminfo
dir /dev/cdrom
less /proc/uptime
10. which ls
which pwd
11. su -
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
ls -alF /mnt
less /mnt/README.txt
umount /mnt
eject
umount /tmp/hda1
mount /dev/hda1 /tmp/hda1
mount
第4堂
1. umount /tmp/hda1
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt
umount /mnt
mount -t ntfs /dev/hda1 /mnt
umount /mnt
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt
dmesg
dmesg | less
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt
dmesg | tail
dmesg | tail -n 5
dmesg | less
2. history
3. print only line 3:
dmesg | head -n 3 | tail -n 1
print line 3, 2nd word
dmesg | head -n 3 | tail -n 1 | cut -d" " -f 2
cat /etc/passwd | head -n 3 | tail -n 1 | cut -d":" -f 3
4. mkdir test2
cd test2
cp /etc/hosts .
cd ..
rmdir test2
rm -r test2
rm -ri test2
rm -rf test2
5. unalias
ls -alF
ls -alFh
ls -alFs
6.
cd /tmp
touch test3
chown steven test3
chgrp steven test3
chown steven.steven test3
chown root.root test3
chown steven.steven test3
chown -R steven.steven test4
7. chmod u r file
g + w
o - x
a
chmod u+rwx,g-rxw,o-rxw test3
chmod 700 test3
8. touch .test
ls -alF
ls -l
9. ..
.
.test
cp /etc/hosts .
cd ..
cd /home/steven/tmp/../
第5堂
1. history
!!
!496
ctrl-r + keyword
2. echo "$USER"
echo '$USER'
echo `$USER`
3. bill=ls
echo "$bill"
echo '$bill'
echo `$bill`
4. `which ls`
killbill=`which ls`
5. rxvt
rxvt &
rxvt
ctrl-Z
bg
fg
6. rxvt &
rxvt &
rxvt
ctrl-Z
jobs
bg 3
fg 2
7. ps
kill 7865
kill -9 7865
killall rxvt
pkill rxvt
8. ps -ef
ps -efw
pstree
9. runlevel
init 1
cat /etc/inittab
10. gedit ~/.bash_profile
append:
---
export PATH=$PATH:/sbin
---
source ~/.bash_profile
11. less /etc/fstab
#
12. /etc/init.d/gdm stop
13. dmesg | grep '^hda:'
dmesg | grep -o '^hda:'
grep "hda" /etc/*
grep -r "hda" /
dmesg | grep -o '^hda:' | wc -l
第6堂
1. sync
sync;sync;sync
shutdown -h -t 5 now "shutdown now..."
2. man ls
man crontab
man 5 crontab
man passwd
man 5 passwd
3. info ls
info info
"p" previous page
"n" next page
l
^L
4. vim
vi test.txt
insert i
:wq
:q!
hjkl
^
$
到某一行
1G
22G
G
:set nu
:set nonu
J
u
:syntax on
:syntax off
:help
:set ic
:set noic
刪除相關
dw
dd
d$
d^
5dd
尋找
/FOO
n
N
set nohlsearch
set hlsearch
複製相關
5Y
p
P
ctrl-v
ctrl-v Y
ctrl-v : y
:set vb
:set novb
視窗相關
ctrl-w s
ctrl-w v
ctrl-w [h,j,k,l]
:e /tmp/abc.txt
:wq
:q
vim ~/.vimrc
-------------
set hlsearch
set ic
set ruler
syntax on
-------------
取代
%s/abc/xyz/
%s/abc/xyz/g
%s/abc/xyz/gc
1,$s/abc/xyz/gc
10,20s/abc/xyz/gc
^$
:g/^$/d
%s/ab\/c/xyz/
ctrl-v [enter]
gvim
其他:
O
o
VIM參考書:
http://opensource.nchc.org.tw/intro_to_linux/part1/vim/vimbook-OPL.pdf
vimbook錯誤更正(非官方)
http://www.moolenaar.net/vim_errata.html
大家來學Vim by 李果正 Edward G.J. Lee
http://edt1023.sayya.org/
# vim in M$ Windows
http://www.vim.org/download.php#pc
# CYGWIN
http://www.cygwin.com
第7堂
1. vim list.txt
------------
abc
acd
kgt 123
kkk 345
abc
kkk
------------
sort list.txt (cat list | sort)
sort -r list.txt (cat list | sort -r)
uniq list.txt (cat list | uniq)
uniq -d list.txt (cat list | uniq)
sort list.txt | uniq -d
wc list.txt
wc -w list.txt
2. grep root /etc/passwd
grep "^root" /etc/passwd
grep -q "^root" /etc/passwd
echo $?
grep "^root" /etc/passwd
RC=$?
ls /tmp/kkk
echo $RC
3. awk -F':' '{print $1, $7}' /etc/passwd
ps aux | awk '$4 > 1 {print $2}'
4. find /etc -type d -print
find /etc -name "*usb*" -print
find /etc -name "*usb*" -type f -print
find $HOME/ -mtime +3 -exec rm {} \;
5. head -n 3 list.txt
tail -n 3 list.txt
tail -n +2 list.txt
6. sed -e "s/abc/xyz/g" list.txt
sed -e "s/abc/xyz/g" -e "s/kkk/ooo/g" list.txt
7. xargs:
ps aux | awk '$4 > 9 {print $2}' | xargs kill
8. gzip list.txt
gunzip list.txt.gz
zip txt.zip list.txt
unzip txt.zip
tar -cvf txt.tar *.txt
gzip txt.tar
tar -cvzf txt.tgz *.txt
tar -tvzf txt.tgz
tar -xvzf txt.tgz
unzip -l txt.zip
-------------
bzip2 list.txt
bunzip2 list.txt.bz2
tar cvjf list.txt.bz2 *.txt
tar tvjf list.txt.bz2
tar xvjf list.txt.bz2
第8堂
1. Shell Script:
export LC_ALL=C
date +%m
date +%d
man date
date +%D
export TODAY=`/bin/date +%D`
echo $TODAY
echo "Today is $TODAY"
export TODAY=`/bin/date +%D`; echo "Today is $TODAY"
vim showtoday.sh
---------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Show today
TODAY=`/bin/date '+%D %b'`
echo "Today is $TODAY"
---------------------
./showtoday.sh
chmod a+x showtoday.sh
---------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Show today
TODAY=`/bin/date '+%D %b'`
echo "Today is $TODAY"
tar cvzf ${TODAY}_steven_home.tgz ~/*
---------------------
./showtoday.sh
./showtoday.sh
sh showtoday.sh
source showtoday.sh
. showtoday.sh
vim subsh.sh
----------------------
#!/bin/sh
TOM="hello"
----------------------
chmod 755 subsh.sh
echo $TOM
./subsh.sh
echo $TOM
source subsh.sh
echo $TOM
2. I/O重導向
File Descriptor(n) Name 一般縮寫 典型預設
0 standard input stdin keyboard
1 standard output stdout screen
2 standard error stderr screen
> file
< file
>> file
n> file
n< file
>&n duplicate the standard output to file descriptor n
<&n duplicate the standard intput to file descriptor n
&> file direct standard output and standart error to file
Ex:
1. ls /tmp/init.d/*
ls /tmp/init.d/* > etc_list.txt
ls /tmp/init.d/* > etc_list.txt 2> etc_list.err
2. ls /tmp/nosuchfile
ls /tmp/nosuchfile > results.txt
ls /tmp/nosuchfile 2> results.txt
3. modprobe 8139too >/dev/null 2>&1
modprobe 8139too &>/dev/null
4. redirect standard output to stnadard error:
echo "Usage error: see adminstrator" 1>&2
5. ls -alF *.sh | tee 2005.txt
6. crontab
crontab -l
crontab -e
-------------
0-59/15 0 * * * $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out 2>&1
-------------
3. Regular Expression 正規表示式
為何要用RE ?
Ex: 在編輯檔案的時候，要將所有text1, text2, text3... text9取代成fig
a. 在不支援RE的編輯器，需要作9次，慢慢改
b. 在支援RE的編輯器，只需一行就可以搞定。以vi為例:
:%s/text[1-9]/fig/g
常見的RE字元:
.
*
?
+
?
^
$
[ ]
[^ ]
|
( )
Ex:
bag
^bag
bag$
^bag$
[Bb]ag "Bag", "bag"
b[aeiou]g
b[^aeiou]g
[0-9]
[a-z]
[A-Z]
[a-zA-Z0-9]
b.g
^...$
^\.
^\.[a-z][a-z]
^[^.]
bugs* "bug", "bugs", "bugss"...
[A-Z][A-Z]*
[A-Z]+
[A-Z].*
[A-Z]*
[a-zA-Z]
[0-9A-Za-z]+
[567]
five|six|seven
80[23]?86 8086, 80286, or 80386
compan(y|ies) company or companies
注意：regular expression的字元和shell expression的字元不盡相同
Ref: http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Sh.html#uh-4
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1|
| Examples of filename expansion|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|PatternMatches|
|*Every file in the current directory|
|?Files consisting of one character|
|??Files consisting of two characters|
|??*Files consisting of two or more characters|
|[abcdefg]Files consisting of a single letter from a to g.|
|[gfedcba]Same as above|
|[a-g]Same as above|
|[a-cd-g]Same as above|
|[a-zA-Z0-9]Files that consist of a single letter or number|
|[!a-zA-Z0-9]Files that consist of a single character not a letter or number |
|[a-zA-Z]*Files that start with a letter|
|?[a-zA-Z]*Files whose second character matches a letter.|
|*[0-9]Files that end with a number|
|?[0-9]Two character filename that end with a number|
|*.[0-9]Files that end with a dot and a number|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Ex:
Regular expression:
1. vim re.txt
----------------------
text1, text2, text3, text4, text5,... text9
ttxy
xyttk
okokok
bag
bug
bugs
bag
bagxxx
beg beg
big bog
.big
...big
---------------------
:%s/text[1-9]/fig/g
:%s/./5/g
:%s/^/ /g
grep -E t? re.txt
egrep t? re.txt
grep -E t+ re.txt
egrep t+ re.txt
grep ^bag re.txt
grep ' bag' re.txt
grep '^bag$' re.txt
grep [Bb]ag re.txt
第9堂
1. cygwin 介紹 (http://www.cygwin.com)
2. DRBL (企鵝龍) 介紹 (http://drbl.nchc.org.tw, http://drbl.sf.net)
3. Linux上網路相關指令介紹
ref:
Debian 參考手冊 第 10 章 - 網路設定
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch-gateway.zh-tw.html
3.0
ipcalc 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.248
ipcalc 140.110.1.1/255.255.255.0
3.1 ifconfig
ifconfig eth0
找出網路卡eth0的MAC address:
ifconfig eth0 | awk '/HWaddr/ {print $5}'
找出eth0的IP address:
ifconfig eth0 | awk -F":" '/inet addr/ {print $2}' | awk '{print $1}'
ifconfig eth0 | grep -o 'inet addr:[0-9.]*' | cut -d":" -f2
如果找不到ifconfig:
which ifconfig
whereis ifconfig
printenv PATH
/sbin/ifconfig
3.2 看routing table
route
route -n
3.3 ping
ifconfig eth0
ping 140.110.25.1
ping 140.110.1.1
ping -c 10 140.110.25.1
ping os.nchc.org.tw
3.4 traceeroute
traceroute 140.110.25.1
traceroute 140.110.1.1
traceroute os.nchc.org.tw
traceroute -n os.nchc.org.tw
3.5 ifconfig eth0 down
ifconfig eth0 up
pump
第10堂
Debian Sarge安裝
1. Sarge光碟位於
http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/
or
ftp://free.nchc.org.tw/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/i386/
2. apt -> deb
apt/yum/urpmi -> rpm
3. ctrl-alt-F1 切換到console 1
vi /etc/apt/sources.list
加上
deb http://linux.nchc.org.tw/debian sarge main contrib
4. apt-get update
apt-cache search big5
apt-get install ttf-arphic-bkai00mp ttf-arphic-bsmi00lp
5. ctrl-alt-F7 切換到X-window
ctrl-alt-backspace 重新啟動X-window
6. apt-get install vlc
vlc http://free.nchc.org.tw/audio_video/2005-05-27-RMS_NCHC_TW.mpeg4
7. 安裝經典遊戲
apt-get install supertux frozen-bubble tuxracer
執行遊戲
a. supertux
b. frozen-bubble
c. ppracer
第11堂
1. dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xfree86
2. dpkg -l
3. dpkg --purge
4. man 5 contrab
crontab -e
-------------
MAILTO=steven
5 0 * * * apt-get update >/dev/null; apt-get -y upgrade >/dev/null
-------------
another sol :
vim /etc/cron.daily/updatedebian
----------
apt-get update
apt-get -y upgrade
----------
chmod 755 /etc/cron.daily/updatedebian
5. ps -ef |grep cron
runlevel
ls -alF /etc/rc2.d/*cron
6. cd /etc/rc2.d
ln -fs ../cron S89cron
or
update-rc.d cron defaults
To remove
update-rc.d cron remove
第12堂
1. install Linux, coexist with M$ windows XP
2. grub
http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub.html
3. How to change root password if I forget that ?
4. /etc/sources.list
-------------
deb http://free.nchc.org.tw/debian stable main contrib
-------------
apt-get update
5. aptitude，然後選tasks中的選項
--\ Tasks
--- End-user
以及
--- Localization
--- Traditional Chinese environment
6. http://free.nchc.org.tw/kernel/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.14.5.tar.bz2
or
ftp://free.nchc.org.tw/os/linux/kernel.org/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.14.5.tar.bz2
7. a. tar xjf linux-2.6.14.5.tar.bz2
b. cd linux-2.6.14
c. apt-get install libncurses5-dev
d. make menuconfig
e. make
f. make install; make modules_install
(files are in /boot/ and /lib/modules/)
第13堂
A. 上課使用Clonezill複製之後的作業系統環境只有文字介面，並且網路不通。
練習把網路設定好，kde/gnome裝起來
如何作：
1. login
2. vi /etc/network/interfaces
%s/eth0/eth1/g
3. /etc/init.d/networking restart
4. vi /etc/apt/sources.list
編輯檔案/etc/apt/sources.list，只有這一行
------------------------------------
deb http://free.nchc.org.tw/debian stable main contrib
------------------------------------
5. apt-get update
6. aptitude，然後選tasks中的選項
--\ Tasks
--- End-user
以及
--- Localization
--- Traditional Chinese environment
或是
apt-get install x-window-system kde gnome gdm ttf-arphic-bkai00mp ttf-arphic-bsmi00lp kde-i18n-zhtw mozilla
7. /etc/init.d/gdm restart
8. adduser john
userdel -r john
PS.
Debian Sarge安裝後手動設定此次網路
##
ifconfig eth1 140.110.25.x netmask 255.255.255.128
route add default gw 140.110.25.126 eth1
vi /etc/resolv.conf
=================================
nameserver 140.110.60.1
nameserver 140.110.16.1
search nchc.org.tw
=================================
2.
Debian中將資料寫在硬碟以便每次開機自動載入
Debian的設定檔在/etc/network/interfaces :
vi /etc/network/interfaces
=================================
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
address 140.110.25.x
netmask 255.255.255.128
broadcast 140.110.25.127
gateway 140.110.25.126
=================================
vi /etc/resolv.conf
=================================
nameserver 140.110.60.1
nameserver 140.110.16.1
search nchc.org.tw
=================================
vi /etc/hosts
=================================
140.110.25.x cpc0xx.nchc.org.tw cpc0xx
=================================
重新啟動網路服務(會讀取/etc/network/interfaces來設定網路)
/etc/init.d/networking restart
3.
RedHat/Fedora/Mandrake的設定檔在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
=================================
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=140.110.25.255
IPADDR=140.110.25.x
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=140.110.25.x
ONBOOT=yes
=================================
vi /etc/sysconfig/network
=================================
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=XXXX
DOMAINNAME=nchc.org.tw
GATEWAY=140.110.25.x
=================================
重新啟動網路服務(會讀取/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0與/etc/sysconfig/network來設定網路)
/etc/init.d/network restart
-----
B. 中文輸入法gcin的安裝
For Debian sarge沒有im-switch，可以借用etch中的
1.. /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://free.nchc.org.tw/debian etch main
deb http://www.calno.com unstable main
2. apt-get update
3. apt-get install im-switch gcin
4. im-switch -z zh_TW -s gcin
For Ubuntu breezy
1. apt-get install im-switch
2. /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://www.calno.com unstable main
然後
apt-get update
apt-get install gcin
3. im-switch -z zh_TW -s gcin
C.
1. 核心與開機管理程式grub
a. uname -r
b. apt-get install kernel-image | less
c. apt-get install kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp
d. dpkg -L kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp |less
e. /boot, /usr/share/doc/kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp, /lib/modules/2.6.8-2-686-smp
f. zless /usr/share/doc/kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp/Changes.gz
g. vim /boot/grub/menu.lst
h. export LC_ALL=C
i. man bootparam
註：etch (目前的testing)中，kernel-image已經改名成linux-image.
D. grub
a. 改錯/boot/grub/menu.lst的話，可以在開機的時候，進入grub選單，用"e"去修正
b. 如果要進入single user mode，可以在grub的選單中的kernel後面添加參數"single"或是"1"
c. 進入single user mode如果要問密碼的話，要在/etc/inittab中有這一行(Debian預設有，但是RedHat/Fedora等沒有):
-------------
~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
-------------
第14堂
A. Apache
1. Apache2, 參考
http://rapidshare.de/files/1568846/ApacheConfArticle_r22.pdf.html
apt-get install apache
/etc/init.d/apache restart
用Mozilla composer寫一個test.html檔,存在/var/www下
開啟mozilla, 輸入http://localhost/test.html
2. 安裝php & mysql
apt-get install php4 mysql-server
touch /var/www/a.php
/etc/init.d/apache restart
開啟mozilla, 輸入http://localhost/a.php
3. 提到wiki, blog等.
wikipedia ->
http://www.wikipedia.org
第15堂
1. samba
a. apt-get install samba smbclient smbfs
b. less /etc/samba/smb.conf
Samba
a. 啟動samba
/etc/init.d/samba start
b. 列出 Samba Server (IP: 192.168.166.1) 已分享了那些資源：
smbclient -L //192.168.166.1
c. 假設主機名稱為 chanel，它所開放出來的資源服務名叫 share，則可以由以下指令來連到它所分享出來得資源：
smbclient "//chanel/share"
d. 建立 Samba 使用者的帳號
將末加密的 /etc/passwd 檔轉換為有加密碼的 smbpasswd 檔：
cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd > /etc/samba/smbpasswd
更改使用者的 Samba 密碼：
smbpasswd <使用者名稱>
e. 增加samba user
若欲新增 Samba 新使用者，必須先於 Linux 系統中新增使用者，才能於 Samba 中新增使用者
adduser --disabled-login --no-create-home --shell /bin/false test
新增 Samba 使用者：
smbpasswd -a test
測試：
smbclient -U test -L //192.168.166.1
f. 開放某個目錄 (/home/samba)
mkdir /home/samba
chown -R test /home/samba
/etc/samba/smb.conf中加一段
-----------------------------------------
[sambashare]
comment = Samba Share
path = /home/samba
username = test
read only = No
create mask = 0700
hosts allow = 192.168.166., 168.95.1.
-----------------------------------------
測試
testparm
重新啟動samba以便讓設定生效
/etc/init.d/samba restart
連線 smbclient -U test //192.168.166.1/sambashare
Password:
Domain=[SARGE] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.0.10-Debian]
smb: \> dir
. D 0 Wed Jan 5 15:47:47 2005
.. D 0 Wed Jan 5 15:47:42 2005
test.txt 0 Wed Jan 5 15:47:47 2005
45246 blocks of size 32768. 44220 blocks available
g. 掛載成某個目錄
mount -t smbfs //192.168.166.1/sambashare -o iocharset=950,username=test /mnt/smb
iocharset=950支援中文Big5編碼
如果密碼要寫上去(不建議)
mount -t smbfs //192.168.166.1/sambashare -o iocharset=950,username=test%passwd /mnt/smb
h. 如果是Linux當client, 掛載windows的server (192.168.166.88),使用者winuser屬於某個group (mis)
mount -t smbfs //192.168.166.88/winshare -o iocharset=950,username=winuser/mis%passwd /mnt/smb
2. 增加/移除某個service
增加:update-rc.d exim4 defaults
update-rc.d samba start 20 2 3 4 5 . stop 19 0 1 6 .
移除:update-rc.d -f exim4 remove
man update-rc.d for more details.
In RedHat-like distribution, use "chkconfig"
3. ftp server
可以安裝的ftp server: wu-ftpd or proftpd
a. 安裝
apt-get install wu-ftpd
最好選擇standalone模式
client program: apt-get install gftp
b.
設定檔在/etc/wu-ftpd
ACL: /etc/wu-ftpd/ftpaccess
class all real,guest,anonymous *.nchc.gov.tw
-> 定義一個名為 all 的組，而該組的成員有 real、guest 與 anonymous，而且只允許來自於 nchc.gov.tw 網域的使用者以上述身份登入使用。
語法：limit <群組名稱> <人數> <時間> <訊息檔案名稱>
預設：limit all 10 Any /etc/msgs/msg.dead
設定某一時間內允許連線的最大上限人數。
c. 要開啟anonymous
要先加一個特別的使用者"ftp"
adduser --home /home/ftp ftp
然後改/etc/wu-ftpd/ftpaccess中的
passwd-check
語法：passwd-check <(none/trivial/rfc822)> <(enforce/warn)>
預設：無
設定當使用者用 anonymous 登入時所要輸入的 password 的格式, 選項的說明如下：
* none：表示不做密碼驗證。
* trival：表示只要輸入密碼中含有 @ 便可登入。
* rfc822：表示密碼中一定要照 rfc822 所規定的 E-mail 位址的格式。
* enforce：表示當所輸入的密碼不符合格式即無法登入。
* warn：表示密碼不正確時只會出現警告的字樣，但仍可登入。
再重新啟動wu-ftpd以便設定生效
/etc/init.d/wu-ftpd restart
d. ftpcount 可要用來統計目前連線數目，也就是目前各個群組的上線人數，以及各個群組的連線上限人數
e. ftpwho 可用來察看目前的使用者與連線的情形
4. mail server
postfix, sendmail, qmail, exim...
以postfix為例
a. apt-get install postfix
b. 設定檔
/etc/postfix/main.cf...
c. 看或是修改postfix設定
postconf
例如修改每封信的可容許size
-----------------------------------------------------
postconf | grep size
bounce_size_limit = 50000
header_size_limit = 102400
message_size_limit = 10240000 <----- this is the one you want
可以修改main.cf或是直接執行
postconf -e "message_size_limit="
-----------------------------------------------------
d. 修改main.cf之後,可以重新啟動或是reload postfix
/etc/init.d/postfix reload
PS.
1. 若需要安裝額外的顯示卡驅動程式
a. Nvidia 顯示卡
a.1 "uname -r" 找到目前使用的kernel版本(例如2.6.8-2)
a.2 "apt-get install kernel-headers"列出可安裝的kernel headers
a.3 比較a.1與a.2，找出符合的(例如kernel-headers-2.6.8-2),然後例如:
apt-get install kernel-headers-2.6.8-2
(如果要一個指令做完a.1-a.3，可以這樣執行:apt-get install kernel-headers-`uname -r`)
a.4 到http://www.nvidia.com/linux網頁下載driver，以32位元PC而言，可以下載
標示為"Linux IA32"的驅動程式，例如Linux IA32下的1.0-7667
http://www.nvidia.com/object/linux_display_ia32_1.0-7667.html
然後依照那個網址所列的三個步驟執行即可。也就是
a.4.1 讀license宣告
a.4.2.執行"wget http://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86/1.0-7667/NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-7667-pkg1.run"來下載檔案
a.4.3 執行"sh NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-7667-pkg1.run"來編譯顯示卡驅動程式
b. ATI顯示卡
b.1 同a.1
b.2 同a.2
b.3 同a.3
b.4 以RADEON卡為例，到網頁 http://www.ati.com/ 的"DRIVERS & SOFTWARE"下載驅動程式，選擇"Linux Drivers and Software":
https://support.ati.com/ics/support/KBAnswer.asp?questionID=3380
以32位元PC而言，可以下載標示為"Linux x86"的驅動程式，以本例而言，選擇
"RADEON 8500 Series and higher"
https://support.ati.com/ics/support/KBList.asp?folderID=356
b.4.1 執行"wget http://www2.ati.com/drivers/linux/ati-driver-installer-8.14.13.run"
b.4.2 執行"sh ati-driver-installer-8.14.13.run"來編譯顯示卡驅動程式
其他：
提問的智慧: http://phorum.vbird.org/viewtopic.php?t=96
0. Live CD下載網址:
http://b2d.tnc.edu.tw/
上課所發的是
B2DpureKDE
ftp://ftp3.tnc.edu.tw/KNOPPIX/health/B2DpureKDE20060119.iso
第2堂(2006/04/18)
0. 強迫結束X-window
ctrl-alt-backspace 三個鍵一起按
1. 切換virtual console與x-windows
ctrl-alt F1
ctrl-alt F2
ctrl-alt F3
ctrl-alt F4
ctrl-alt F5
ctrl-alt F6
ctrl-alt F7
2. screen的使用
ctrl-a-c create
ctrl-a-n next
ctrl-a-p previous
ctrl-a-d detach
screen -ls
screen -r xxxx
第3堂
0. su - knoppix
1. ls -alF /etc/passwd
2. whoami
3. rm /etc/passwd
4. pwd
5. cat /etc/passwd
6. ls -alF /etc/group
7. cat /etc/group
8. /bin/false
9. df
10. umount /dev/sda1
11. umount /dev/media/sda
12. mkdir /media/xxx
13. mount /dev/sda1 /media/xxxx
14. umount /media/xxx
15. mkdir /xxx
16. mount /dev/sda1 /xxx
1. gnome-terminal &
rxvt &
善用tab鍵來做命令補齊
2. ls
ls -F
unalias ls
ls -F
@, *, / etc...
3. alias ls
alias ls='ls -F -h -l'
4. cp /etc/hosts hosts
cp /etc/hosts .
ls -l hosts
5. pwd
mkdir test
cd test
cd /etc/dhcp3
cd ~/test
6. whoami
7. cat /etc/passwd
more /etc/passwd
less /etc/passwd
space
g
G
b
/
"q" to quit
8. ls -alF | less
9. less /proc/cpuinfo
less /proc/meminfo
dir /dev/cdrom
less /proc/uptime
10. which ls
which pwd
11. su -
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
ls -alF /mnt
less /mnt/README.txt
umount /mnt
eject
umount /tmp/hda1
mount /dev/hda1 /tmp/hda1
mount
第4堂
1. umount /tmp/hda1
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt
umount /mnt
mount -t ntfs /dev/hda1 /mnt
umount /mnt
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt
dmesg
dmesg | less
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt
dmesg | tail
dmesg | tail -n 5
dmesg | less
2. history
3. print only line 3:
dmesg | head -n 3 | tail -n 1
print line 3, 2nd word
dmesg | head -n 3 | tail -n 1 | cut -d" " -f 2
cat /etc/passwd | head -n 3 | tail -n 1 | cut -d":" -f 3
4. mkdir test2
cd test2
cp /etc/hosts .
cd ..
rmdir test2
rm -r test2
rm -ri test2
rm -rf test2
5. unalias
ls -alF
ls -alFh
ls -alFs
6.
cd /tmp
touch test3
chown steven test3
chgrp steven test3
chown steven.steven test3
chown root.root test3
chown steven.steven test3
chown -R steven.steven test4
7. chmod u r file
g + w
o - x
a
chmod u+rwx,g-rxw,o-rxw test3
chmod 700 test3
8. touch .test
ls -alF
ls -l
9. ..
.
.test
cp /etc/hosts .
cd ..
cd /home/steven/tmp/../
第5堂
1. history
!!
!496
ctrl-r + keyword
2. echo "$USER"
echo '$USER'
echo `$USER`
3. bill=ls
echo "$bill"
echo '$bill'
echo `$bill`
4. `which ls`
killbill=`which ls`
5. rxvt
rxvt &
rxvt
ctrl-Z
bg
fg
6. rxvt &
rxvt &
rxvt
ctrl-Z
jobs
bg 3
fg 2
7. ps
kill 7865
kill -9 7865
killall rxvt
pkill rxvt
8. ps -ef
ps -efw
pstree
9. runlevel
init 1
cat /etc/inittab
10. gedit ~/.bash_profile
append:
---
export PATH=$PATH:/sbin
---
source ~/.bash_profile
11. less /etc/fstab
#
12. /etc/init.d/gdm stop
13. dmesg | grep '^hda:'
dmesg | grep -o '^hda:'
grep "hda" /etc/*
grep -r "hda" /
dmesg | grep -o '^hda:' | wc -l
第6堂
1. sync
sync;sync;sync
shutdown -h -t 5 now "shutdown now..."
2. man ls
man crontab
man 5 crontab
man passwd
man 5 passwd
3. info ls
info info
"p" previous page
"n" next page
l
^L
4. vim
vi test.txt
insert i
:wq
:q!
hjkl
^
$
到某一行
1G
22G
G
:set nu
:set nonu
J
u
:syntax on
:syntax off
:help
:set ic
:set noic
刪除相關
dw
dd
d$
d^
5dd
尋找
/FOO
n
N
set nohlsearch
set hlsearch
複製相關
5Y
p
P
ctrl-v
ctrl-v Y
ctrl-v : y
:set vb
:set novb
視窗相關
ctrl-w s
ctrl-w v
ctrl-w [h,j,k,l]
:e /tmp/abc.txt
:wq
:q
vim ~/.vimrc
-------------
set hlsearch
set ic
set ruler
syntax on
-------------
取代
%s/abc/xyz/
%s/abc/xyz/g
%s/abc/xyz/gc
1,$s/abc/xyz/gc
10,20s/abc/xyz/gc
^$
:g/^$/d
%s/ab\/c/xyz/
ctrl-v [enter]
gvim
其他:
O
o
VIM參考書:
http://opensource.nchc.org.tw/intro_to_linux/part1/vim/vimbook-OPL.pdf
vimbook錯誤更正(非官方)
http://www.moolenaar.net/vim_errata.html
大家來學Vim by 李果正 Edward G.J. Lee
http://edt1023.sayya.org/
# vim in M$ Windows
http://www.vim.org/download.php#pc
# CYGWIN
http://www.cygwin.com
第7堂
1. vim list.txt
------------
abc
acd
kgt 123
kkk 345
abc
kkk
------------
sort list.txt (cat list | sort)
sort -r list.txt (cat list | sort -r)
uniq list.txt (cat list | uniq)
uniq -d list.txt (cat list | uniq)
sort list.txt | uniq -d
wc list.txt
wc -w list.txt
2. grep root /etc/passwd
grep "^root" /etc/passwd
grep -q "^root" /etc/passwd
echo $?
grep "^root" /etc/passwd
RC=$?
ls /tmp/kkk
echo $RC
3. awk -F':' '{print $1, $7}' /etc/passwd
ps aux | awk '$4 > 1 {print $2}'
4. find /etc -type d -print
find /etc -name "*usb*" -print
find /etc -name "*usb*" -type f -print
find $HOME/ -mtime +3 -exec rm {} \;
5. head -n 3 list.txt
tail -n 3 list.txt
tail -n +2 list.txt
6. sed -e "s/abc/xyz/g" list.txt
sed -e "s/abc/xyz/g" -e "s/kkk/ooo/g" list.txt
7. xargs:
ps aux | awk '$4 > 9 {print $2}' | xargs kill
8. gzip list.txt
gunzip list.txt.gz
zip txt.zip list.txt
unzip txt.zip
tar -cvf txt.tar *.txt
gzip txt.tar
tar -cvzf txt.tgz *.txt
tar -tvzf txt.tgz
tar -xvzf txt.tgz
unzip -l txt.zip
-------------
bzip2 list.txt
bunzip2 list.txt.bz2
tar cvjf list.txt.bz2 *.txt
tar tvjf list.txt.bz2
tar xvjf list.txt.bz2
第8堂
1. Shell Script:
export LC_ALL=C
date +%m
date +%d
man date
date +%D
export TODAY=`/bin/date +%D`
echo $TODAY
echo "Today is $TODAY"
export TODAY=`/bin/date +%D`; echo "Today is $TODAY"
vim showtoday.sh
---------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Show today
TODAY=`/bin/date '+%D %b'`
echo "Today is $TODAY"
---------------------
./showtoday.sh
chmod a+x showtoday.sh
---------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Show today
TODAY=`/bin/date '+%D %b'`
echo "Today is $TODAY"
tar cvzf ${TODAY}_steven_home.tgz ~/*
---------------------
./showtoday.sh
./showtoday.sh
sh showtoday.sh
source showtoday.sh
. showtoday.sh
vim subsh.sh
----------------------
#!/bin/sh
TOM="hello"
----------------------
chmod 755 subsh.sh
echo $TOM
./subsh.sh
echo $TOM
source subsh.sh
echo $TOM
2. I/O重導向
File Descriptor(n) Name 一般縮寫 典型預設
0 standard input stdin keyboard
1 standard output stdout screen
2 standard error stderr screen
> file
< file
>> file
n> file
n< file
>&n duplicate the standard output to file descriptor n
<&n duplicate the standard intput to file descriptor n
&> file direct standard output and standart error to file
Ex:
1. ls /tmp/init.d/*
ls /tmp/init.d/* > etc_list.txt
ls /tmp/init.d/* > etc_list.txt 2> etc_list.err
2. ls /tmp/nosuchfile
ls /tmp/nosuchfile > results.txt
ls /tmp/nosuchfile 2> results.txt
3. modprobe 8139too >/dev/null 2>&1
modprobe 8139too &>/dev/null
4. redirect standard output to stnadard error:
echo "Usage error: see adminstrator" 1>&2
5. ls -alF *.sh | tee 2005.txt
6. crontab
crontab -l
crontab -e
-------------
0-59/15 0 * * * $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out 2>&1
-------------
3. Regular Expression 正規表示式
為何要用RE ?
Ex: 在編輯檔案的時候，要將所有text1, text2, text3... text9取代成fig
a. 在不支援RE的編輯器，需要作9次，慢慢改
b. 在支援RE的編輯器，只需一行就可以搞定。以vi為例:
:%s/text[1-9]/fig/g
常見的RE字元:
.
*
?
+
?
^
$
[ ]
[^ ]
|
( )
Ex:
bag
^bag
bag$
^bag$
[Bb]ag "Bag", "bag"
b[aeiou]g
b[^aeiou]g
[0-9]
[a-z]
[A-Z]
[a-zA-Z0-9]
b.g
^...$
^\.
^\.[a-z][a-z]
^[^.]
bugs* "bug", "bugs", "bugss"...
[A-Z][A-Z]*
[A-Z]+
[A-Z].*
[A-Z]*
[a-zA-Z]
[0-9A-Za-z]+
[567]
five|six|seven
80[23]?86 8086, 80286, or 80386
compan(y|ies) company or companies
注意：regular expression的字元和shell expression的字元不盡相同
Ref: http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Sh.html#uh-4
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1|
| Examples of filename expansion|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|PatternMatches|
|*Every file in the current directory|
|?Files consisting of one character|
|??Files consisting of two characters|
|??*Files consisting of two or more characters|
|[abcdefg]Files consisting of a single letter from a to g.|
|[gfedcba]Same as above|
|[a-g]Same as above|
|[a-cd-g]Same as above|
|[a-zA-Z0-9]Files that consist of a single letter or number|
|[!a-zA-Z0-9]Files that consist of a single character not a letter or number |
|[a-zA-Z]*Files that start with a letter|
|?[a-zA-Z]*Files whose second character matches a letter.|
|*[0-9]Files that end with a number|
|?[0-9]Two character filename that end with a number|
|*.[0-9]Files that end with a dot and a number|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Ex:
Regular expression:
1. vim re.txt
----------------------
text1, text2, text3, text4, text5,... text9
ttxy
xyttk
okokok
bag
bug
bugs
bag
bagxxx
beg beg
big bog
.big
...big
---------------------
:%s/text[1-9]/fig/g
:%s/./5/g
:%s/^/ /g
grep -E t? re.txt
egrep t? re.txt
grep -E t+ re.txt
egrep t+ re.txt
grep ^bag re.txt
grep ' bag' re.txt
grep '^bag$' re.txt
grep [Bb]ag re.txt
第9堂
1. cygwin 介紹 (http://www.cygwin.com)
2. DRBL (企鵝龍) 介紹 (http://drbl.nchc.org.tw, http://drbl.sf.net)
3. Linux上網路相關指令介紹
ref:
Debian 參考手冊 第 10 章 - 網路設定
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch-gateway.zh-tw.html
3.0
ipcalc 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.248
ipcalc 140.110.1.1/255.255.255.0
3.1 ifconfig
ifconfig eth0
找出網路卡eth0的MAC address:
ifconfig eth0 | awk '/HWaddr/ {print $5}'
找出eth0的IP address:
ifconfig eth0 | awk -F":" '/inet addr/ {print $2}' | awk '{print $1}'
ifconfig eth0 | grep -o 'inet addr:[0-9.]*' | cut -d":" -f2
如果找不到ifconfig:
which ifconfig
whereis ifconfig
printenv PATH
/sbin/ifconfig
3.2 看routing table
route
route -n
3.3 ping
ifconfig eth0
ping 140.110.25.1
ping 140.110.1.1
ping -c 10 140.110.25.1
ping os.nchc.org.tw
3.4 traceeroute
traceroute 140.110.25.1
traceroute 140.110.1.1
traceroute os.nchc.org.tw
traceroute -n os.nchc.org.tw
3.5 ifconfig eth0 down
ifconfig eth0 up
pump
第10堂
Debian Sarge安裝
1. Sarge光碟位於
http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/
or
ftp://free.nchc.org.tw/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/i386/
2. apt -> deb
apt/yum/urpmi -> rpm
3. ctrl-alt-F1 切換到console 1
vi /etc/apt/sources.list
加上
deb http://linux.nchc.org.tw/debian sarge main contrib
4. apt-get update
apt-cache search big5
apt-get install ttf-arphic-bkai00mp ttf-arphic-bsmi00lp
5. ctrl-alt-F7 切換到X-window
ctrl-alt-backspace 重新啟動X-window
6. apt-get install vlc
vlc http://free.nchc.org.tw/audio_video/2005-05-27-RMS_NCHC_TW.mpeg4
7. 安裝經典遊戲
apt-get install supertux frozen-bubble tuxracer
執行遊戲
a. supertux
b. frozen-bubble
c. ppracer
第11堂
1. dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xfree86
2. dpkg -l
3. dpkg --purge
4. man 5 contrab
crontab -e
-------------
MAILTO=steven
5 0 * * * apt-get update >/dev/null; apt-get -y upgrade >/dev/null
-------------
another sol :
vim /etc/cron.daily/updatedebian
----------
apt-get update
apt-get -y upgrade
----------
chmod 755 /etc/cron.daily/updatedebian
5. ps -ef |grep cron
runlevel
ls -alF /etc/rc2.d/*cron
6. cd /etc/rc2.d
ln -fs ../cron S89cron
or
update-rc.d cron defaults
To remove
update-rc.d cron remove
第12堂
1. install Linux, coexist with M$ windows XP
2. grub
http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub.html
3. How to change root password if I forget that ?
4. /etc/sources.list
-------------
deb http://free.nchc.org.tw/debian stable main contrib
-------------
apt-get update
5. aptitude，然後選tasks中的選項
--\ Tasks
--- End-user
以及
--- Localization
--- Traditional Chinese environment
6. http://free.nchc.org.tw/kernel/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.14.5.tar.bz2
or
ftp://free.nchc.org.tw/os/linux/kernel.org/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.14.5.tar.bz2
7. a. tar xjf linux-2.6.14.5.tar.bz2
b. cd linux-2.6.14
c. apt-get install libncurses5-dev
d. make menuconfig
e. make
f. make install; make modules_install
(files are in /boot/ and /lib/modules/)
第13堂
A. 上課使用Clonezill複製之後的作業系統環境只有文字介面，並且網路不通。
練習把網路設定好，kde/gnome裝起來
如何作：
1. login
2. vi /etc/network/interfaces
%s/eth0/eth1/g
3. /etc/init.d/networking restart
4. vi /etc/apt/sources.list
編輯檔案/etc/apt/sources.list，只有這一行
------------------------------------
deb http://free.nchc.org.tw/debian stable main contrib
------------------------------------
5. apt-get update
6. aptitude，然後選tasks中的選項
--\ Tasks
--- End-user
以及
--- Localization
--- Traditional Chinese environment
或是
apt-get install x-window-system kde gnome gdm ttf-arphic-bkai00mp ttf-arphic-bsmi00lp kde-i18n-zhtw mozilla
7. /etc/init.d/gdm restart
8. adduser john
userdel -r john
PS.
Debian Sarge安裝後手動設定此次網路
##
ifconfig eth1 140.110.25.x netmask 255.255.255.128
route add default gw 140.110.25.126 eth1
vi /etc/resolv.conf
=================================
nameserver 140.110.60.1
nameserver 140.110.16.1
search nchc.org.tw
=================================
2.
Debian中將資料寫在硬碟以便每次開機自動載入
Debian的設定檔在/etc/network/interfaces :
vi /etc/network/interfaces
=================================
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
address 140.110.25.x
netmask 255.255.255.128
broadcast 140.110.25.127
gateway 140.110.25.126
=================================
vi /etc/resolv.conf
=================================
nameserver 140.110.60.1
nameserver 140.110.16.1
search nchc.org.tw
=================================
vi /etc/hosts
=================================
140.110.25.x cpc0xx.nchc.org.tw cpc0xx
=================================
重新啟動網路服務(會讀取/etc/network/interfaces來設定網路)
/etc/init.d/networking restart
3.
RedHat/Fedora/Mandrake的設定檔在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
=================================
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=140.110.25.255
IPADDR=140.110.25.x
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=140.110.25.x
ONBOOT=yes
=================================
vi /etc/sysconfig/network
=================================
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=XXXX
DOMAINNAME=nchc.org.tw
GATEWAY=140.110.25.x
=================================
重新啟動網路服務(會讀取/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0與/etc/sysconfig/network來設定網路)
/etc/init.d/network restart
-----
B. 中文輸入法gcin的安裝
For Debian sarge沒有im-switch，可以借用etch中的
1.. /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://free.nchc.org.tw/debian etch main
deb http://www.calno.com unstable main
2. apt-get update
3. apt-get install im-switch gcin
4. im-switch -z zh_TW -s gcin
For Ubuntu breezy
1. apt-get install im-switch
2. /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://www.calno.com unstable main
然後
apt-get update
apt-get install gcin
3. im-switch -z zh_TW -s gcin
C.
1. 核心與開機管理程式grub
a. uname -r
b. apt-get install kernel-image | less
c. apt-get install kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp
d. dpkg -L kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp |less
e. /boot, /usr/share/doc/kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp, /lib/modules/2.6.8-2-686-smp
f. zless /usr/share/doc/kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp/Changes.gz
g. vim /boot/grub/menu.lst
h. export LC_ALL=C
i. man bootparam
註：etch (目前的testing)中，kernel-image已經改名成linux-image.
D. grub
a. 改錯/boot/grub/menu.lst的話，可以在開機的時候，進入grub選單，用"e"去修正
b. 如果要進入single user mode，可以在grub的選單中的kernel後面添加參數"single"或是"1"
c. 進入single user mode如果要問密碼的話，要在/etc/inittab中有這一行(Debian預設有，但是RedHat/Fedora等沒有):
-------------
~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
-------------
第14堂
A. Apache
1. Apache2, 參考
http://rapidshare.de/files/1568846/ApacheConfArticle_r22.pdf.html
apt-get install apache
/etc/init.d/apache restart
用Mozilla composer寫一個test.html檔,存在/var/www下
開啟mozilla, 輸入http://localhost/test.html
2. 安裝php & mysql
apt-get install php4 mysql-server
touch /var/www/a.php
/etc/init.d/apache restart
開啟mozilla, 輸入http://localhost/a.php
3. 提到wiki, blog等.
wikipedia ->
http://www.wikipedia.org
第15堂
1. samba
a. apt-get install samba smbclient smbfs
b. less /etc/samba/smb.conf
Samba
a. 啟動samba
/etc/init.d/samba start
b. 列出 Samba Server (IP: 192.168.166.1) 已分享了那些資源：
smbclient -L //192.168.166.1
c. 假設主機名稱為 chanel，它所開放出來的資源服務名叫 share，則可以由以下指令來連到它所分享出來得資源：
smbclient "//chanel/share"
d. 建立 Samba 使用者的帳號
將末加密的 /etc/passwd 檔轉換為有加密碼的 smbpasswd 檔：
cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd > /etc/samba/smbpasswd
更改使用者的 Samba 密碼：
smbpasswd <使用者名稱>
e. 增加samba user
若欲新增 Samba 新使用者，必須先於 Linux 系統中新增使用者，才能於 Samba 中新增使用者
adduser --disabled-login --no-create-home --shell /bin/false test
新增 Samba 使用者：
smbpasswd -a test
測試：
smbclient -U test -L //192.168.166.1
f. 開放某個目錄 (/home/samba)
mkdir /home/samba
chown -R test /home/samba
/etc/samba/smb.conf中加一段
-----------------------------------------
[sambashare]
comment = Samba Share
path = /home/samba
username = test
read only = No
create mask = 0700
hosts allow = 192.168.166., 168.95.1.
-----------------------------------------
測試
testparm
重新啟動samba以便讓設定生效
/etc/init.d/samba restart
連線 smbclient -U test //192.168.166.1/sambashare
Password:
Domain=[SARGE] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.0.10-Debian]
smb: \> dir
. D 0 Wed Jan 5 15:47:47 2005
.. D 0 Wed Jan 5 15:47:42 2005
test.txt 0 Wed Jan 5 15:47:47 2005
45246 blocks of size 32768. 44220 blocks available
g. 掛載成某個目錄
mount -t smbfs //192.168.166.1/sambashare -o iocharset=950,username=test /mnt/smb
iocharset=950支援中文Big5編碼
如果密碼要寫上去(不建議)
mount -t smbfs //192.168.166.1/sambashare -o iocharset=950,username=test%passwd /mnt/smb
h. 如果是Linux當client, 掛載windows的server (192.168.166.88),使用者winuser屬於某個group (mis)
mount -t smbfs //192.168.166.88/winshare -o iocharset=950,username=winuser/mis%passwd /mnt/smb
2. 增加/移除某個service
增加:update-rc.d exim4 defaults
update-rc.d samba start 20 2 3 4 5 . stop 19 0 1 6 .
移除:update-rc.d -f exim4 remove
man update-rc.d for more details.
In RedHat-like distribution, use "chkconfig"
3. ftp server
可以安裝的ftp server: wu-ftpd or proftpd
a. 安裝
apt-get install wu-ftpd
最好選擇standalone模式
client program: apt-get install gftp
b.
設定檔在/etc/wu-ftpd
ACL: /etc/wu-ftpd/ftpaccess
class all real,guest,anonymous *.nchc.gov.tw
-> 定義一個名為 all 的組，而該組的成員有 real、guest 與 anonymous，而且只允許來自於 nchc.gov.tw 網域的使用者以上述身份登入使用。
語法：limit <群組名稱> <人數> <時間> <訊息檔案名稱>
預設：limit all 10 Any /etc/msgs/msg.dead
設定某一時間內允許連線的最大上限人數。
c. 要開啟anonymous
要先加一個特別的使用者"ftp"
adduser --home /home/ftp ftp
然後改/etc/wu-ftpd/ftpaccess中的
passwd-check
語法：passwd-check <(none/trivial/rfc822)> <(enforce/warn)>
預設：無
設定當使用者用 anonymous 登入時所要輸入的 password 的格式, 選項的說明如下：
* none：表示不做密碼驗證。
* trival：表示只要輸入密碼中含有 @ 便可登入。
* rfc822：表示密碼中一定要照 rfc822 所規定的 E-mail 位址的格式。
* enforce：表示當所輸入的密碼不符合格式即無法登入。
* warn：表示密碼不正確時只會出現警告的字樣，但仍可登入。
再重新啟動wu-ftpd以便設定生效
/etc/init.d/wu-ftpd restart
d. ftpcount 可要用來統計目前連線數目，也就是目前各個群組的上線人數，以及各個群組的連線上限人數
e. ftpwho 可用來察看目前的使用者與連線的情形
4. mail server
postfix, sendmail, qmail, exim...
以postfix為例
a. apt-get install postfix
b. 設定檔
/etc/postfix/main.cf...
c. 看或是修改postfix設定
postconf
例如修改每封信的可容許size
-----------------------------------------------------
postconf | grep size
bounce_size_limit = 50000
header_size_limit = 102400
message_size_limit = 10240000 <----- this is the one you want
可以修改main.cf或是直接執行
postconf -e "message_size_limit=
-----------------------------------------------------
d. 修改main.cf之後,可以重新啟動或是reload postfix
/etc/init.d/postfix reload
PS.
1. 若需要安裝額外的顯示卡驅動程式
a. Nvidia 顯示卡
a.1 "uname -r" 找到目前使用的kernel版本(例如2.6.8-2)
a.2 "apt-get install kernel-headers"列出可安裝的kernel headers
a.3 比較a.1與a.2，找出符合的(例如kernel-headers-2.6.8-2),然後例如:
apt-get install kernel-headers-2.6.8-2
(如果要一個指令做完a.1-a.3，可以這樣執行:apt-get install kernel-headers-`uname -r`)
a.4 到http://www.nvidia.com/linux網頁下載driver，以32位元PC而言，可以下載
標示為"Linux IA32"的驅動程式，例如Linux IA32下的1.0-7667
http://www.nvidia.com/object/linux_display_ia32_1.0-7667.html
然後依照那個網址所列的三個步驟執行即可。也就是
a.4.1 讀license宣告
a.4.2.執行"wget http://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86/1.0-7667/NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-7667-pkg1.run"來下載檔案
a.4.3 執行"sh NVIDIA-Linux-x86-1.0-7667-pkg1.run"來編譯顯示卡驅動程式
b. ATI顯示卡
b.1 同a.1
b.2 同a.2
b.3 同a.3
b.4 以RADEON卡為例，到網頁 http://www.ati.com/ 的"DRIVERS & SOFTWARE"下載驅動程式，選擇"Linux Drivers and Software":
https://support.ati.com/ics/support/KBAnswer.asp?questionID=3380
以32位元PC而言，可以下載標示為"Linux x86"的驅動程式，以本例而言，選擇
"RADEON 8500 Series and higher"
https://support.ati.com/ics/support/KBList.asp?folderID=356
b.4.1 執行"wget http://www2.ati.com/drivers/linux/ati-driver-installer-8.14.13.run"
b.4.2 執行"sh ati-driver-installer-8.14.13.run"來編譯顯示卡驅動程式
其他：
提問的智慧: http://phorum.vbird.org/viewtopic.php?t=96
posted by ksml | 7:21 AM
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